The Importance of Praise

As parents we worry about praising a child too much or too little. Too much praise and a child might grow up spoiled and unwilling to tackle challenging tasks. Too little and a child grows up insecure, overly independent and absent healthy reciprocal relationships.

Praise encourages your child to explore the world.  It is the natural progression after providing secure attachment for your infant. It engenders a sense of belonging and a sense of purpose in your child’s life. Acts of praise make your child feel worthwhile and loved. It is a powerful reward. Your child wants to please you. Acts of praise show your child she is a good person. It allows her to build her self-confidence and self-worth.

Acts of praise give parents the opportunity to show a child it is the actions we choose rather than the outcomes we achieve which are important. Praise allows a parent to focus on efforts not outcomes. At the same time a parent is able to focus on strengths. By focusing on strengths and not weaknesses your child’s confidence and self-worth increase. Over time, your child will learn how accomplishments are appreciated but actions are treasured.

When praise is given in a fashion that supports feedback rather than criticism your child will learn how statements made from a position of power are prone to be overly personal and lead to feelings of inadequacy, anger and frustration in the child.  Effective praise is directed to events and not the person. In this way praise teaches your child the importance of direction rather than criticism.

Praise also teaches us the importance of authenticity and realistic expectations. Children know when we are being real and when we are not. Praise is one of the ways we learn the importance of being true to ourselves and to others. Another reason it is so important concerns realistic expectations for our child. It is very easy for a busy parent to project onto a child expected behaviors that are not developmentally appropriate. By giving appropriate praise each of us is reminded never to forget the importance of our child’s physical and emotional developmental levels.

Courage

Are you courageous?

I walked into the exam room as the mother said to me, “She has been waiting for you.” I turned to the mother who was sitting next to a home healthcare nurse. The mother and the nurse were smiling. The nurse turned to the mother. “I don’t think I have ever seen her sit so quietly.” The mother answered, “She loves coming here for her visits.”

I walked over to the young woman sitting in the wheelchair and touched her arm. I had first met her about two decades earlier when I diagnosed her with cerebral palsy. She had limited use of her arms and legs and had difficulty speaking and swallowing yet even as a toddler I remember telling her mother,  “Never let anyone tell you she does not understand every word you say.”

“How are you?” I said looking into her knowing eyes. She shook in her chair and said, “Baby” over and over. Throughout her life this was the only word I had ever heard her say. I sat down next to her. “You look great today.” I said.  I turned to her mother. “How are you feeling?”  “Tired, very tired” she answered.  “She loves coming to see you.”  “Have you been getting enough sleep?” I asked.  She shook her head no. “You have to take care of yourself. We can’t do this without you.”  “I know, I know,” She replied. I returned my attention to her daughter who was smiling widely and still saying, “Baby!”  “I think I need to take you dancing in that wheelchair.”  I said to her as I rolled her chair back slightly. She stiffened her legs and arched her head back. “I think we will be able to do some great spins in that wheelchair.” Everyone smiled as the world disappeared and only the moment remained.

Parents of children with special needs are confronted with unasked-for choices. A child is born who is different from other children. A difference filled with beauty and sadness.  Every parent confronted with such an event must make a series of choices.

The first choice is avoidance. There is no greater pain than the pain felt by your child. All parents seek to protect their children from suffering and lack. This genomic drive is imbedded within the psyche of every parent.  This results in parents willing to risk and give everything, including life, for their child.  This drive encourages a parent to live in a make-believe diorama where horror, pain, suffering and loss are cloaked by avoidance.

Other parents move beyond avoidance and choose to alter or adapt their lives in exchange for opportunities for their child.  Such a gift is given with love and seeds hope in the heart of the parent. Happiness is often found as challenges replace opportunities and actions and deeds replace parental dreams and relationships.

A final choice available to parents is to accept and live in the present rather than the past or the future. By living in the now these parents realize their child came into this world having made a choice. A choice to experience a life chosen with foresight and understanding in exchange for the knowledge and experience it would provide. A life filled with emotional and physical difficulty, suffering and sadness yet overflowing with joy from the words and touch of those they love.

When I touched her arm that day, heard the joy in her voice and saw the love in her mother’s eyes, I remembered what her mother and I had talked about almost two decades earlier.  “Her body did not fail her,” I told her mother. “Her cerebral palsy has freed her to live a life where her acceptance has given each of us the ability to replace fear, anger, anguish and grief with our own acceptance and love.”

When she was an infant I held her in my arms and heard the song of her voice.  I knew but had not yet seen. Now, on this day, two decades wiser, my heart opened as we danced under a shimmering light projected through this child and mother both overflowing with life, love and courage.

Blended Families

Blending is difficult. Roles and boundaries are easily blurred and even the best intentions can be misread. Challenging “normal” behaviors are often interpreted as being due to being part of a blended family when in fact many of these behaviors are often normal and expected patterns. Children test both parents and stepparents. The reasons for a behavior are often buried deep and due to a confluence of issues relating to attachment and fear of being abandoned.

Common behaviors include temper tantrums, aggressive behavior or avoidance behaviors. Separation and divorce cause anguish for children. These behaviors are often a reflection of a child’s own feelings and his or her own perception of self.

Your best approach is patience and not overreacting. Time is a great healer and showing your love and concern in clear, consistent and concise ways is best. Do not take it personally if a stepchild wishes to keep you at a distance. Stay non-judgmental and be sincere and honest in your interactions. Do not hide your feelings and always be clear that you do not plan to assume the role the child’s biological parent.

The sharing of mutual interests and activities will help build a relationship with your stepchild. Allow time to build the trust each of you will need. By understanding the importance of respect and mutual acceptance you will be laying the foundation for future successful interactions. At all times remember you are married to the parent of the child, and you are not married to the child.

Always be ready for episodic flare-ups of mistrust and doubt. The separation and divorce of parents is difficult for children. When a parent remarries fears of separation and abandonment often resurface. If such issues do not lessen with love and patience then formal counseling may be necessary. The earlier intervention is pursued, the less chance toxic stress will infect the entire family.

Magnets

What do you attract?

The five year old was silent as the nurse walked into the exam room.  The boy’s head ratcheted sideways with every step while his eyes focused on a tray she carried.  I returned to my note and when I looked up the nurse had finished giving the shot.  The boy’s lips and eyes were tightly shut and a wince was fading from his face. His mother reached over and gave him a hug.  As his eyes and mouth opened she said: “I am so proud of you.” They both smiled.

Most parents wonder whom their child will look up to. Will it be an athlete, a scholar, a friend, a neighbor or a media star? What will happen if that person models negative behavior?  Never ending media bombardment makes it easy for parents to neglect and misjudge their own influence while focusing on the influence of others. 

One of the questions I ask a child when I perform a neurological evaluation is: “If you could spend more time with three people, who would they be?” The most common answers are mom and dad. In these words the near limitless power of parenthood is revealed.  A parent is a child’s most visible and influential role model.

It is easy to understand why a child loves and idolizes a parent who sacrifices everything for them. I have always been surprised, however, by the way young children with detached parents often continue to honor, follow and protect their parents. Children are born with a powerful and blinding desire to seek attachment and love. If medical, social, educational or environmental factors prevent this attachment shame and guilt often result.  It is this desire that empowers every parent with the hidden ability to influence a child’s actions and beliefs. Parents and children become magnets with powers of attraction and repulsion. Your words and actions determine the type and direction of force exerted. The absence of attachment drives a wedge between parent and child and with the passing of time this gap widens silently.

Children are born with a powerful desire to emulate parental behavior.  This desire magnetizes both you and your child. These invisible forces pull you together or push you apart. This force of attraction is strongest in the young child and without proper care this force can change from attachment to avoidance.  Love is repelled and lost.

The next time you consider using coercive parenting techniques towards your child remember you are your child’s ultimate role model.  Threats, anger, hostility and demeaning verbal discipline may stop a behavior briefly but such behaviors do not serve as a model for future healthy behaviors.  Always express your inner love with words and actions your child will never forget.

DSM 5 Changes in Common Pediatric Mental Health Issues

General Information

Published  5/2013.

Lack of physiologic understanding/ categories are artificial.

DSM 1952/ DSM II 1968/ DSM III 1980/ DSM IV 1994/ DSM IV-TR 2000  (text revision)

American Psychiatric Association

Gold standard for the description of mental illness

Insurers and service providers use it to determine eligibility for services

Last update about 20 years ago.

Goal: improve accuracy of diagnosis

Risk: misdiagnosis/ over diagnosis/ medicalization of normal behavior

Changes: 

  • single axis not multi-axis format
  • Simplify use by clinician
  • Age/ gender/ culture are now considered factors when making a diagnosis
  • Just starting the science of psychiatry (3 sections: introduction/ outline of categorical diagnosis/ conditions that require further research)
  • “Unclear what we know and what we do not know”

 

Notable Changes            

Neurocognitive Disorders: Major neurocognitive disorder (dementia): memory impairment is not essential/ ex. frontotemporal dementia has personality changes early and memory changes later.

Mild neurocognitive disorder: mild cognitive decline beyond normal forgetfulness of aging. 1-2 SD below norm on NC testing.

Intellectual Disabilities:  

  • MR is removed
  • Based on cognitive and adaptive function
  • Mild/ moderate/ severe/ profound are eliminated
  • Specifiers are now used
  • Severity is determined by adaptive functioning not IQ score

 

Autism Spectrum Disorder:     

  • Replaces PDD: AD/ AS/ CDD/ Rett’s syndrome/ PDD(NOS)
  • autistic disorder/ PDD(NOS)/ AS are joined
  • Specifiers: language delay or intellectual disability
  • Primary focus is on strengths and weaknesses
  • Mild/ moderate/ severe are eliminated
  • Defined in terms of level of support required
  • New specifier: ASD is associated with a known medical/ genetic/ environmental factor. (ex: FAS/ Fragile X syndrome/ epilepsy)
  • Benefits: improve diagnosis in girls
  • Unsolved: minority access to services delays diagnosis
  • Dual diagnosis of ADHD and ASD now allowed
  • 2 domains:         
    • deficits in social communication and social interaction
    • RR (restricted repetitive) behaviors, interests and activities

 

Social Communication Disorder               

  • new diagnostic category/ outside of ASD
  • Lack RR behaviors
  • Children with severe ADHD and social skill deficits
  • Allows a new group of patients

 

Somatic Symptom Disorders  

  • Somatoform diagnosis is eliminated: this focused on medically unexplained symptoms.
  • Somatic symptom disorder: medically unexplained is not central to this diagnosis. (lowers the risk of alienating patients by imaginary context)
  • Focus on symptoms lasting longer than 6 months that are associated with disproportionate thoughts, feelings and behaviors such as extreme anxiety.

 

ADHD

  • Reverse of most psychiatric conditions that are defined in adults and modified for use in children.
  • Limits social, academic or occupational functioning
  • At least six symptoms from either or both of two symptom domains: inattention and hyperactivity/ impulsivity.  Over 17 years need only five symptoms.
  • Inattention:  Careless mistakes/ difficulty with sustained attention/ not listen/ not follow instructions/ difficulty organizing/ poor sustained tasks/ loses things/ easily distracted/ forgetful.
  • Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:  Not due to oppositional behavior/ defiance/ hostility or lack of understanding instructions.  Fidgets, squirms or taps/ leaves seat/ runs and climbs when not appropriate/ lack of quiet play/ unable sit still/ talks excessively/ blurts out answers/ difficulty waiting turn/ interrupts or intrudes.
  • Several symptoms must be seen in each setting rather than more than one setting involved as the past criteria.
  • Levels: mild (few symptoms and minor impairment)/ moderate (between mild and severe)/ severe (many symptoms and marked impairment in social or occupational functioning)
  • Age of onset increased to 12 years from age 7 years since some issues with inattention do not manifest until a child is older.
  • 314.00 Predominantly inattentive
  • 314.01 Combined
  • 314.01 Predominantly hyperactive/ impulsive

 

Communication Disorders

  • language disorder: previously called expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders.
  • Speech sound disorder: previously called phonological disorder.
  • Childhood-onset fluency disorder: previously called stuttering

 

Specific Learning Disorder    

  • Includes reading disorder/ mathematics disorder/ disorder of written expression/ learning disorder (NOS).
  • Coded specifiers for the deficit types

Resource: http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf

Joseph Barber, MD

The Conference Room

Have you ever wondered why it is so difficult to ask for help?

“Are you going to the noon meeting?” Another intern asked. “I don’t think we have time. It will take us another 15 minutes to get there,”  I answered.  In the prior six weeks I had made the trip many times, and it always took me 15 minutes. “It is on the other side of the hospital,” I said to him.  He turned and motioning for me to follow as he held open a side door.  Stepping through the door I saw the lunchtime meeting room. I turned to my friend, and shook my head in disbelief. We both began to laugh.

Although some people are born with an explorer gene that encourages new physical and emotional frontiers, most people find change incites fear, skepticism and an unwillingness to ask for help. Although a few people readily seek direction and advice most do not. Reasons include shame, guilt, fear, anger and embarrassment. Often these feelings are biological bodyguards that protect us from pursuing change. This rigidity, however, leads parents and children away from new discoveries and invisible opportunities. Children emulate the behaviors parents model.

From an early age parents must encourage and support independence and exploration linked to a willingness and ability to ask for help.  Schedules, routines and rituals are code words parents rely upon to justify a lack of willingness to ask and accept advice and direction from another. When you ask others for help and accept their help with non-judgmental acceptance and gratitude you are teaching your child the power of both giving and sharing.

Thirty years ago my rigidity brought me a moment of laughter and learning I will never forget.  The next time you are on an outing with your child stop and ask for directions and advice from strangers you meet. Stop assuming that your way is the right way. Asking for help may open a door you may also never forget. 

Back to School

The end of summer marks a new season and the time to return to school.  This transition is made easier by beginning your preparations during the second half of the summer.  Returning to the school year sleep and wake schedule should be accomplished at least 1-2 weeks before school starts. Healthy and successful sleep routines make mornings better and learning easier.  A healthy diet and a consistent schedule also help. Make sure all summer reading has been completed and talking about the positive aspects of returning to school are also important topics. This summer to school transition can be a fun time filled with new friends and new opportunities. Address school related fears with non-judgmental understanding and support. Patience and optimism are essential.

This is also a good time to make sure your child is up to date on immunizations and make sure there are no vision or hearing concerns. A visit to your pediatrician during the summer is a good place to start. Talk about safety issue relating to strangers and traveling to and from school. Bus, car, bike and walking safety tips are also good topics to discuss.  Healthy behaviors including the importance of a healthy breakfast and lunch as well as the use of a backpack that is not too heavy and is fitted properly are also important.

The return of school is a time when overanxious patterns, separation issues and anxiety often appear. These patterns must be recognized and addressed.  Everyone experiences change. Children must develop the ability to accept and cope with change. Entering school for the first time, returning to school and leaving for college are opportunities for both parent and child. Your response as a parent is very important. Your physical and emotional responses have direct and indirect effects on you and your child. During periods of moderate to severe stress negative physical and emotional changes occur in you and your child. Your ability to modulate stress affects long term health and well-being.  You are the best model of positive and adaptive behavior for your child. Periods of change marked by a return to school foster independence, exploration and decision making in your child.

The Ballerina

Happiness comes from being willing and able to connect with others.

I walked into the exam room and the first thing I saw was a six year old girl wearing tights, ballet slippers and a pink tutu. Her hair festooned with a pink ribbon and pink barrettes was pulled back into a pony tail.  Smiling, I said to her: “You look beautiful today!” She raised her arms and did a pirouette. “We must go dancing together.”  I said to her.  She ran over and gave me a hug. Her mother smiled and said:  “She was so excited last year when you asked about her dance lessons and talked about how much you love to dance.  When she came downstairs this morning she had her dance outfit on and here we are.”

Sitting on my stool I tapped her arm. “We must go ballroom dancing together.” She furrowed her brow. “But I don’t know how to ballroom dance.”  “Don’t worry.” I replied. “I will teach you how to ballroom dance and you can teach me one of your dances.”  She turned to her mother. “Dr. Barber and I are going to go ballroom dancing together!”  We all smiled.

Connecting with others provides opportunities for happiness in our lives. It allows us to develop relationships and make new friends who enrich and inspire us.  Relationships are nourished by the willingness, capacity and capability to connect. Children need to be taught these skills. Parents are their greatest teacher.  The interest in others that these relationships engender inspires within your child a sense of community. By not becoming a fearful parent you are providing your child the freedom and opportunity to connect.

The behaviors you model are a powerful influence in your child’s willingness to reach out to others. Parents who are anxious and fearful of others teach their child the world is filled with danger.  Parents who believe the world is filled with caring people who wish to help others influence their children to believe the same. Restricting your child’s life with suspicion and fear provokes unnecessary anxiety and limits your child’s willingness to reach out to others. This type of overprotective parenting leads to excessive attachment, separation problems and a lack of willingness to explore the world. Fear is both contagious and frightening.  It prevents your child from developing relationships that may last a lifetime.

Parents are confronted every day with fears arising from media headlines.  Such fear affects not only your responses but also your child’s ability and desire to choose. Your child must be informed and counseled about real risks and real dangers but not blinded by the extreme responses caused by fear.  When a child is led by fear relationship opportunities are lost.

When this six year old reached out to me her freedom and willingness to connect inspired me.  I hope your child will do the same for you today.

Tanning Beds

Ultraviolet radiation damages your skin and increases your risk for skin cancer. Although sunlamps and tanning beds promise you a healthy appearance you must be aware of the serious associated risks. Indoor tanning beds are a serious health risk.

Premature aging of your skin results from tanning. The effects are not immediate but they are relentless. You will look older and you will see more wrinkles, sun spots and a loss of skin elasticity. Extensive sun or artificial tanning exposure will make your skin appear leathery and suppresses your skin’s immune defenses. This suppression increases your risk for skin cancer and increases your risk of melanoma which is the deadliest type of skin cancer by 75% when begun prior to age 35 years. It is estimated women who use tanning beds more than 1 time per month are 55% more likely to develop melanoma. Melanoma is the second leading type of invasive cancer diagnosed in people between the ages of 15 and 19 years. Almost 70,000 people in the US will be diagnosed with melanoma each year and one in eight will die from it.

Although the development of cancer may take many years the damage and risks are cumulative. Even if your skin does not become red and inflamed it has been damaged. Some people believe damage only occurs if there is peeling of the skin and other signs of damage. This is not true. All exposure damages your skin and the more severe the exposure the greater the damage.  For children, teens and young adults the risk is greatest.

Other risks include eye damage from UV exposure and allergic reactions in people who are sensitive to UV radiation. If you are on certain medications you are more prone to sunburn and skin damage. Talk to your doctor and pharmacist and be aware of the common medications that sensitize you to sun reactions. You cannot protect your skin by “looking” for a sunburn since a sunburn takes 6 to 48 hours to develop.

If you have a fair skin color and light colored hair you are at an even greater risk for skin damage.

The Ducklings

When you look at your child do you see the ideal or the real?

Shades of purple and grey covered the descending sun as waves rolled over the rocks and sand. Five ducklings followed their mother to the water’s edge dancing back and forth along a curved tightrope of foam. The mother moved directly toward the oncoming wave gliding into the water between a receding wave and the endless cue of whitecaps roaring to the shore. She did not look back. Her huddled ducklings mirrored her movements.  A wave crashed over all of them but only the mother and two ducklings emerged from the foam.

Two large sister waves lifted the mother as she turned to see her ducklings. There were only two. She jerked her head towards the shore at the three ducklings bouncing like black spools of yarn along the shore. She swung about leaving a gouge in the water as she raced to the three trapped ducklings. The two remaining ducklings without hesitation turned sharply and following their mother rode a breaking wave to shore.  Suddenly the three figures disappeared beneath the disintegrating wave.  I held my breath.  As if by magic five shaking figures surrounding a tall serene mother emerged from the foam of the receding wave.  The ducklings shook and swayed surrounding the mother. The mother duck with the grace of a swan swung around and with her brood moved towards the shelter of an overhang under a large pile of driftwood.  Reaching this eddy from the wind they huddled together as one.

When a child is born, takes her first step and rides a bike or boards a school bus for the first time – your heart, mind and soul are filled with ideal expectations. Dreams and opportunities are real and endless. This wish-filled view of reality, however, is not real.  Life is scattered with unfinished hopes and expectations.

No two children are the same. They are amalgams of strength and weakness forged by desire and inspired by genes and the environment. Your child looks to you for guidance and acceptance about the real world.  If you raise your child to see only the arrogance of the ideal your child will be unprepared for the storms ahead.

Parents must inspire and incite within a child a willingness to leave behind the warmth and complacency of the assured and seek the seemingly unattainable.  In the real world every parent must teach a child to accept what is real while never forgetting what is ideal.  By recognizing and accepting this balance your child will be ready for times of lack and times of plenty.  Your understanding and response allows you to model the self-awareness and responsibility your child must possess for the times when you are no longer at your child’s side.

The next time life surprises, saddens or confuses you with the real and not the ideal respond as that mother duck did.  Shielded by the safety and security you provide teach your child to see and accept the real world. The path you take, the warmth you provide and the life you choose prepares your child for a life filled with exploration.